GPS spoofing effect on phase angle monitoring and control in a real-time digital simulator-based hardware-in-the-loop environment.

In recent years, cyber-physical system (CPS) applications have been extensively utilised in the electric power grid to enable wide-area protection, control, and monitoring of power systems. Many of these applications in a smart grid CPS depend on reliable time synchronisation. For example, synchrophasor data from geographically distributed phasor measurement units (PMU) utilise global positioning ...