Accurate and Efficient Approximation of Clothoids Using Bézier Curves for Path Planning.

An accurate and efficient clothoid approximation approach is presented in this paper using Bezier curves based on the minimization of curvature profile difference. Compared with existing methods, the proposed approach is able to guarantee higher order geometric continuity with smaller approximation error in terms of position, orientation, and curvature. The approximation scheme takes place in three stages. First, a subset of clothoids with specific winding angle constraints referred to as elementary clothoids is approximated using quintic Bezier curves. Then, a basic clothoid defined in the first quadrant is formulated, which is composed of a series of transformed elementary clothoids. An adaptive sampling stra-tegy is applied to ensure that the resulting Bezier segments are computed within a specified accuracy and all the required information can be obtained offline and stored in a lookup table. Finally, a general clothoid with arbitrary parameters can be conveniently approximated based on the lookup table through appropriate geometric transformations. A comparison with the recent circular interpolation and rational Bezier curve based approximation shows that the proposed approach is able to achieve equivalent or greater computational efficiency in most scenarios.