Evaluation Of A Multi-View Autostereoscopic Real-Time 3d Ultrasound System For Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery Guidance

An increasing number of minimally invasive cardiac surgeries are guided by real-time 3D ultrasound. We developed a multiview autostereoscopic system for real-time image guidance with 3D ultrasound. Furthermore, we performed a user study to test the effect of the system on the completion times and a number of errors made during specially designed tasks. The system maintained rendering frame rate at 20 fps and satisfactory added latency of 45-70 ms. In the study, the test subjects controlled a MitraClip device, while being guided by 3D ultrasound presented on either a standard 2D display or a multiview autostereoscopic display. No significant difference in the completion times between the two visualization systems was measured. However, the test subjects performed 2 errors while using a standard 2D display.