A novel blind color image watermarking based on Contourlet transform and Hessenberg decomposition

In this paper, a novel blind color image watermarking based on Contourlet transform and Hessenberg decomposition is proposed to protect digital copyright of color image. Firstly, each color channel of the host image is transformed by Contourlet transform and its low frequency sub-band is divided into 4 × 4 non-overlap coefficient block. Secondly, the coefficient block selected by MD5-based Hash pseudo-random algorithm is decomposed by Hessenberg decomposition. Thirdly, the watermark information permuted by Arnold transform is embedded into the biggest energy element of the upper Hessenberg matrix by quantization technique. In extraction process, the quantization strength is used for blindly extracting watermark information from the attacked host image without the help of any original image. The results show that the proposed scheme has higher imperceptibility and robustness against most common image attacks in comparison with other related methods.