Levels of lead in foods from the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers.

Infants and toddlers are highly vulnerable to exposure to lead due to its higher absorption in small children than in adults. This study describes the optimisation and validation of a very sensitive method for the determination of low levels of lead in foods mostly consumed by infants and toddlers. This method, based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with a programmable temperature cyclonic spray chamber, attained a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.6 or 0.9 mu g Pb kg(-1) for a liquid or a solid sample, that was improved by a factor 5.6-8.3 compared to the previous method (LOQ: 5 mg kg(-1)). The analytical method was then applied to 291 food samples from the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers. Lead was detected in most samples at relatively low concentrations (range 0.0-16 mg kg(-1)). The highest lead concentrations were mainly found in processed food products (e.g. products containing chocolate). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.