The development of complex and controversial innovations. Genetically modified mosquitoes for malaria eradication

•Using the example of mosquitoes that are genetically modified for malaria eradication through gene drive methods, a scientifically complex ‘living technology’, we show how complexity, uncertainty and risk can propel NPD processes towards a linear sequence of stages.•Although the need to control risks associated with gene drive technology imposes linearity to the NPD process, there are possibilities for deviation from a structured sequence of stages. This is due to the effects of feedback loops in the wider system of evidence creation and learning at the population and governance levels, which cumulatively impact on acceptance of the innovation.•The NPD and adoption processes involved in the use of gene drive technology are closely intertwined, and the endpoint for R&D and beginning of ‘mainstream’ adoption and diffusion are unclear.