The role of achievement goal orientations when studying effect of learning analytics visualizations.

When designing learning analytics tools for use by learners we have an opportunity to provide tools that consider a particular learner's situation and the learner herself. To afford actual impact on learning, such tools have to be informed by theories of education. Particularly, educational research shows that individual differences play a significant role in explaining students' learning process. However, limited empirical research in learning analytics has investigated the role of theoretical constructs, such as motivational factors, that are underlying the observed differences between individuals. In this work, we conducted a field experiment to examine the effect of three designed learning analytics visualizations on students' participation in online discussions in authentic course settings. Using hierarchical linear mixed models, our results revealed that effects of visualizations on the quantity and quality of messages posted by students with differences in achievement goal orientations could either be positive or negative. Our findings highlight the methodological importance of considering individual differences and pose important implications for future design and research of learning analytics visualizations.