E-NC: PSO based enforced network coding in vehicular networks

In wireless networks, spectral efficiency is a vital issue in the wake of ever increasing bandwidth usage. To improve throughput, in wired and wireless networks, network coding is one of the promising solutions which has been used for a quite some time. On getting coding opportunity in a hop, coding gain is around 100% if physical layer networking, unlike linear network coding which offers maximum coding gain up-to 33%. However, PNC has symbol-level synchronization, carrier-frequency synchronization, and carrier-phase synchronization. The throughput elevate with number of nodes involved in physical layer network coding. In the literature, there is no proposal which increases the involvement of number nodes to elevate overall throughput of the network. In this paper, we are forcing multiple opposite direction routes to share common road segments without compromising delay and reliability requirements. We designed a new particle swarm optimization (PSO) mechanism which offers maximum throughput gain for the entire network. Through network coding such voluntary congestion is solved. Thus, higher packet delivery ratio can be achieved while keeping lower end to end delay which is verified by graphs.