Regulatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in American cutaneous leishmaniasis patients

American cutaneous Leishmaniasis shows a clinical and immunological spectrum, where intermediate forms are associated with exacerbated cell responses against Leishmania spp., which may reflect defective immunoregulation. Since IL-10 and TGF-beta modulate the immune response, we aimed to establish whether there are changes in its production between the different manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis. We studied individuals with cutaneous leishmaniasis: localized (LCL n = 20), mucocutaneous (MCL n = 14), intermediate (ICL n = 14), diffuse (LCD n = 12) and twenty two healthy subjects. The IL-10 was determined by flow cytometry and TGF-beta by ELISA in plasma and in supernatants of lymphocyte cultures from patients and controls stimulated in vitro with L. braziliensis. The results showed a low production of IL-10 in patients with intermediate or chronic leishmaniasis compared to MCL and DCL patients. There were no changes in plasma concentration of this cytokine among the different groups. In contrast, the TGF-beta was significantly increased in concentration and frequency of respondents in all groups of patients compared to controls, being higher in MCL patients associated with an elevated odds ratio (87). After stimulation with L. braziliensis, the MCL patients continue to show increased production of TGF-beta compared to ICL and LCD patients. Overall, our results suggest that IL-10 and TGF-beta could be mediating suppression in DCL patients and an inadequate or defective regulation in ICL patients by the low level of these cytokines. In MCL patients, both cytokines fail to modulate their exacerbated response. Other regulatory mechanisms must be investigated in future studies