Are porcine derived pharmaceuticals a source of hepatitis E virus infection?

cytes and CD11b+CD163 macrophages (28% and 32% p = 0.001, 0.002) and toll like receptorsTLR3, and TLR7 expression (p = 0.01, p = 0.002,) were observed in Gr. A and B than C and D. Frequency of monocytes were significantly increased in patients with low viral load than high viral load. In Gr. A, reduced frequencies of CD4 T cells (p = 0.05) and expression of CXCR5 on CD4 T cells (p = 0.04) were observed than group B. PBMCs stimulated with HEV ORF2 and HEV ORF3 showed decreased IL-10, IL-2 and IL-6 and increased TNF alpha, IFN-γ in Gr. A than Gr B. CONCLUSION: In fatal HEV related ALF in pregnant females, significantly reduced frequency of T cells, reduced expression of CXCR5 on CD4 T cells and consecutive increased monocytes macrophages suggests a major role of monocytes in regulating CD4 T cells.