A coordinated phosphorylation cascade initiated by MSK1 directs RAR alpha recruitment to target gene promoters

The nuclear retinoic acid (RA) receptor alpha (RAR&x03B1;) is a transcriptional transregulator that controls the expression of specific gene subsets through binding at response elements and dynamic interactions with coregulators, which are coordinated by the ligand. Here, we highlighted a novel paradigm in which the transcription of RAR&x03B1;-target genes is controlled by phosphorylation cascades initiated by the rapid RA activation of the p38MAPK/MSK1 pathway. We demonstrate that MSK1 phosphorylates RAR&x03B1; at S369 located in the Ligand Binding Domain, allowing the binding of TFIIH and thereby phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain at S77 by cdk7/cyclin H. MSK1 also phosphorylates Histone H3 at S10. Finally, the phosphorylation cascade initiated by MSK1 is required for the recruitment of RAR&x03B1;/TFIIH complexes to response elements and subsequently for RAR&x03B1; target genes activation. Cancer cells characterized by a deregulated p38MAPK/MSK1 pathway, do not respond to RA, outlining the essential contribution of the RA-triggered phosphorylation cascade in RA signaling.