The l -arginine/NO pathway, homoarginine, and nitrite-dependent renal carbonic anhydrase activity in young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus

High circulating levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and low circulating levels of homoarginine (hArg) are known cardiovascular risk factors in adults. While in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) circulating ADMA is significantly elevated, in children and adolescents the reported ADMA data are contradictory. In 102 children with T1DM and 95 healthy controls (HC) serving as controls, we investigated the l -arginine (Arg)/nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Children with T1DM were divided into two groups, i.e., in children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus [T1DM-ND; n = 10; age, 8.8 (4.4–11.2) years; HbA 1c , 13 (8.9–13.9) %] and in those with long-term treatment [T1DM-T; n = 92; age, 12.5 (10.5–15.4) years; HbA 1c , 8.0 (7.2–8.6) %]. The age of the HC was 11.3 (8–13.3) years. Amino acids and NO metabolites of the Arg/NO pathway, creatinine and the oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by GC–MS or GC–MS/MS. Plasma hArg, ADMA and the hArg/ADMA molar ratio did not differ between the T1DM and HC groups. There was a significant difference between T1DM-T and HC with regard to plasma nitrite [0.53 (0.48–0.61) vs 2.05 (0.86–2.36) µM, P < 0.0001] as well as to urinary nitrite [0.09 (0.06–0.17) vs 0.22 (0.13–0.37) μmol/mmol creatinine, P < 0.0001]. Plasma, but not urinary nitrite, differed between T1DM-ND and HC [0.55 (0.50–0.66) vs 2.05 (0.86–2.36) µM, P < 0.0001]. Plasma MDA did not differ between the groups. The urinary nitrate-to-nitrite molar ratio (U NOX R), a measure of nitrite-dependent renal carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, was higher in T1DM-T [1173 (738–1481), P < 0.0001] and T1DM-ND [1341 (1117–1615), P = 0.0007] compared to HC [540 (324–962)], but did not differ between T1DM-T and T1DM-ND ( P = 0.272). The lower nitrite excretion in the children with T1DM may indicate enhanced renal CA-dependent nitrite reabsorption compared with healthy children. Yet, lower plasma nitrite concentration in the T1DM patients may have also contributed to the higher U NOX R. Patients’ age correlated positively with plasma hArg and hArg/ADMA and urinary DMA/ADMA. Plasma ADMA and urinary ADMA, DMA, nitrite and nitrate correlated negatively with age of the T1DM-T children. Significant correlations were found between plasma hArg and plasma Arg ( r = 0.468, P < 0.0001), and urinary DMA ( r = −0.426, P = 0.0001), ADMA ( r = −0.266, P = 0.021) and nitrate ( r = −0.234, P = 0.043). Plasma hArg correlated positively with age at diagnosis ( r = +0.337, P = 0.002). ADMA, but not hArg, correlated with HbA 1c in T1DM-T ( r = −0.418, P < 0.0001) and T1DM-ND ( r = +0.879, P = 0.0016). The greatest differences between T1DM-T and T1DM-ND were observed for urinary ADMA, DMA/ADMA ratio, nitrite and nitrate. The Arg/NO pathway is altered in T1DM in childhood and adolescence, yet the role and the importance of hArg and ADMA in T1DM remain to be elucidated. In young T1DM patients, oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) is not elevated.