Estimation of extravascular lung water using the transpulmonary ultrasound dilution (TPUD) method: a validation study in neonatal lambs

Increased extravascular lung water (EVLW) may contribute to respiratory failure in neonates. Accurate measurement of EVLW in these patients is limited due to the lack of bedside methods. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the reliability of the transpulmonary ultrasound dilution (TPUD) technique as a possible method for estimating EVLW in a neonatal animal model. Pulmonary edema was induced in 11 lambs by repeated surfactant lavages. In between the lavages, EVLW indexed by bodyweight was estimated by TPUD (EVLWI tpud ) and transpulmonary dye dilution (EVLWI tpdd ) (n = 22). Final EVLWI tpud measurements were also compared with EVLWI estimations by gold standard post mortem gravimetry (EVLWI grav ) (n = 6). EVLWI was also measured in two additional lambs without pulmonary edema. Bland–Altman plots showed a mean bias between EVLWI tpud and EVLWI tpdd of −3.4 mL/kg (LOA ± 25.8 mL/kg) and between EVLWI tpud and EVLWI grav of 1.7 mL/kg (LOA ± 8.3 mL/kg). The percentage errors were 109 and 43 % respectively. The correlation between changes in EVLW measured by TPUD and TPDD was r 2 = 0.22. Agreement between EVLWI measurements by TPUD and TPDD was low. Trending ability to detect changes between these two methods in EVLWI was questionable. The accuracy of EVLWI tpud was good compared to the gold standard gravimetric method but the TPUD lacked precision in its current prototype. Based on these limited data, we believe that TPUD has potential for future use to estimate EVLW after adaptation of the algorithm. Larger studies are needed to support our findings.