Injectable Progestin-Only Contraception is Associated With Increased Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Female Genital Tract.

Problem Genital inflammatory changes may be a mechanism of increased HIV risk among injectable progestin-only contraception (IPC) users. Method of Study We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 376 Kenyan and South African women. Genital cytokines and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor concentrations in a reference population were compared to IPC users and women with reproductive tract infections. Results No significant variability in marker concentrations was observed by age or site. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users had significantly higher MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, and RANTES concentrations. Norethisterone oenanthate users had significantly higher IL-6, IL-8, and RANTES concentrations. Women with sexually transmitted infections had variable inflammation, and women with bacterial vaginosis exhibited a mixed profile of up and downregulation. Conclusion The finding of substantial mucosal inflammation among DMPA users provides evidence which, combined with the results of prior studies, suggests that DMPA may create an immune environment conducive to HIV target cell recruitment and inhibitory for antiviral activity.