Perceptions Versus National-Level Differences: A Mediating Model Of Psychic Distance

Purpose - This chapter bridges the gap between two distinct approaches to the concept of psychic distance - measuring it in terms of people's perceptions of distance or in terms of exogenous national-level differences. The two approaches are reconciled in a "refined and integrative" definition of the concept, which is tested empirically using a mediating model.Methodology - Structural equation modeling is used on a bilateral sample of 25 countries to test whether perceptions of psychic distance mediate the relationships between national-level differences and bilateral trade and investment.Findings - By testing for alternative direct paths, the chapter confirms that for the main forms of national-level differences, culture, socioeconomic development, language, and religion, psychic distance fully mediates their relationships with both trade flows and investment patterns. However, for geographic distance, while the relationship is fully mediated for investment, it is only partially mediated for exports. Two asymmetric "distance-bridging" factors are also found to be significant antecedents of psychic distance.Originality and implications - This chapter is the first to empirically demonstrate the mediating relationship between exogenous national-level differences and perceptions of psychic distance, and thus, provides new insights into the debate over which measurement approach is more appropriate. Perceptions of psychic distance, even if measured by expert panels rather than the actual decision-makers, fully capture the impact of national-level differences on trade and FDI flows; however, if such measures of perceptions are not available, a simple selection of four national-level differences will still capture 80% of the same effect.