Technical Design Report for the Upgrade of the ALICE Inner Tracking System
B I Abelev, J F Adam, D Adamova, M M Aggarwal,G Aglieri Rinella,M Agnello,A Agostinelli,N Agrawal, Z Ahammed,Nazeer Ahmad,A Ahmad Masoodi,Irshad Ahmed,S U Ahn,I Aimo,S Aiola,M Ajaz,A Akindinov,D Aleksandrov, B Alessandro,D Alexandre,A Alici,A Alkin, J Alme,T Alt,V Altini,S Altinpinar,I Altsybeev,C Alves Garcia Prado, E Anderssen,C Andrei, A Andronic,V Anguelov, J Anielski,T Anticic,F Antinori, P Antonioli, L Aphecetche,H Appelshauser,N Arbor, S Arcelli,N Armesto,R Arnaldi, T Aronsson,I C Arsene, M Arslandok, A Augustinus, R Averbeck, T C Awes,M D Azmi,M Bach,A Badala,Y W Baek,S Bagnasco,R Bailhache,Vipul Bairathi,R Bala, A Baldisseri, F Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa,J Ban, Rama Chandra Baral,R Barbera,F Barile,Gergely Gabor Barnafoldi, L S Barnby,V Barret, J Bartke, M Basile, J Bastian Van Beelen,N Bastid, Sujit Basu,B Bathen,G Batigne, M Battistin,B Batyunya, Paul Christoph Batzing,J Baudot,C Baumann,I G Bearden, H P Beck,Cristina Bedda, Nirbhay Kumar Behera,I Belikov,F Bellini,R Bellwied,E Belmontmoreno,Gyula Bencedi, M Benettoni, F Benotto,S Beole,I Berceanu,A Bercuci,Y Berdnikov,Daniel Berenyi,M Berger, Redmer Alexander Bertens,Dario Berzano, A Besson, L Betev,A Bhasin, A K Bhati, A Bhatti, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, Jihyun Bhom,L Bianchi,N Bianchi,C Bianchin, J Bielcik, J Bielcikova,A Bilandzic, S Bjelogrlic,F Blanco,D Blau,C Blume, Friederike Bock, Felix Valentin Boehmer,A Bogdanov,H Boggild,M Bogolyubsky, L Boldizsar,M Bombara, Jeffrey W Book,H Borel,A Borissov,Joerg Bornschein,V N Borshchov,C Bortolin,F Bossu, M Botje, E Botta,S Bottger, P Braunmunzinger,T Breitner, Theo Alexander Broker, Tyler Allen Browning, Michal Broz,E Bruna,G Bruno,D Budnikov,H Buesching, S Bufalino,P Buncic,Oliver Busch,Z Buthelezi,D Caffarri, Xiaojuan Cai,H Caines, Alberto Caliva,E Calvo Villar,P Camerini,V Canoa Roman, F Carena,W Carena, P Cariola,F Carminati,A Casanova Diaz,J Castillo Castellanos,Ester Anna Rita Casula,V Catanescu, T Caudron,C Cavicchioli, C Sanchez,Jan Cepila,P Cerello,Baoli Chang,S Chapeland,J L Charvet,S Chattopadhyay, M Cherney,C Cheshkov,B Cheynis,V Chibante Barroso,D D Chinellato, P Chochula,M Chojnacki, Somnath Choudhury,P Christakoglou,C H Christensen, P L Christiansen,T Chujo,S U Chung,C Cicalo, L Cifarelli, F Cindolo,G Claus,J Cleymans,F Colamaria, Domenico Colella,S Coli, C Colledani,Alberto Collu, Manuel Colocci,G Conesa Balbastre,Z Conesa Del Valle,M Connors,G Contin,J G Contreras, T M Cormier,Y Corrales Morales,P Cortese,I Cortes Maldonado,M R Cosentino,Filippo Costa,P Crochet, R Cruz Albino,E Cuautle,L Cunqueiro,A Dainese,R Dang,A Danu, E Da Riva,Dipak K Das,I Das, K Das, S N Das, A P Dash,S Dash,S De, C Decosse,H Delagrange, A Delo,E Denes,G Derasmo, G O De Barros,A De Caro,G De Cataldo,J De Cuveland,A De Falco,D De Gruttola,N De Marco,S De Pasquale,G De Robertis,K De Roo,R De Rooij, M A Diaz Corchero, T Dietel,R Divia,D Di Bari,S Di Liberto,A Di Mauro,P Di Nezza,O Djuvsland,A Dobrin,T Dobrowolski,D Domenicis Gimenez, Benjamin Donigus,O Dordic, S Dorheim,A E Dorokhov, G Doziere,A K Dubey, Andrea Dubla,L Ducroux,W Dulinski,P Dupieux,A K Dutta Majumdar, Raymond James Ehlers,D Elia,H Engel,B Erazmus,H A Erdal, Dominic Eschweiler,B Espagnon, M Estienne, S Esumi,D Evans, Sergey Evdokimov,G Eyyubova,D Fabris,J Faivre,D Falchieri,Adolfo C Fantoni,M Fasel,D Fehlker,Linus Feldkamp,D Felea, A Feliciello,G Feofilov, J Ferencei,A Fernandez Tellez,E G Ferreiro, A Ferretti, Andrea Festanti, Jan Figiel,M A S Figueredo,S Filchagin,D Finogeev,F M Fionda,E M Fiore, Giovanni Fiorenza, Emmanouil Floratos,M Floris,S Foertsch,P Foka, S L Fokin,E Fragiacomo, Andrea Francescon, Marilia Caixeta Franco,U Frankenfeld,U Fuchs,C Furget,M Fusco Girard,J J Gaardhoje,M Gagliardi,D Gajanana,M Gallio,D R Gangadharan,P Ganoti,C Garabatos, E Garciasolis,C Gargiulo,I Garishvili,J Gerhard,M Germain, A Gheata,M Gheata,B Ghidini,P Ghosh,S K Ghosh,P Gianotti, P Giubilato,P Giubellino,E Gladyszdziadus,P Glassel, R D Gomez, M Gomez Marzoa,P Gonzalezzamora,S Gorbunov, L Gorlich,S Gotovac,Lukasz Kamil Graczykowski,R Grajcarek,L Greiner,A Grelli,A Grigoras,C Grigoras,V Grigoriev,A Grigoryan, Smbat Grigoryan,B Grinyov,N Grion, D Grondin,Jan Fiete Grosseoetringhaus, J Y Grossiord, R P Grosso,F Guber,R Guernane,B Guerzoni,M Guilbaud,K Gulbrandsen,H Gulkanyan,T Gunji,Ashim Das Gupta, R A Gupta,K H Khan, Rudiger Haake, I M Haaland, C Hadjidakis,M Haiduc,H Hamagaki,G Hamar, L D Hanratty, A G Hansen,J W Harris, Helvi Hartmann, Austin Vincent Harton,D Hatzifotiadou,Shinji Hayashi, Stefan Thomas Heckel,Markus Ansgar Heide,H Helstrup, E Hennes,A Herghelegiu,G Herrera Corral, Benjamin Andreas Hess,K F Hetland,B Hicks,Hartmut Hillemanns, A Himmi, B Hippolyte,J Hladky,P Hristov,Meidana Huang, Ch Huguo, T J Humanic, Donald J Hutter,Dae Sung Hwang,S Igolkin, P Ijzermans,R Ilkaev,I Ilkiv,M Inaba,E Incani, Gian Michele Innocenti,C Ionita,M Ippolitov,M Irfan, M P Ivanov, V D Ivanov,Oleksii Ivanytskyi,A Jacho Lkowski, Jan Jadlovsky,Cosima Jahnke, H J Jang,M Janik,P H S Y Jayarathna,Satyajit Jena, R T Jimenez Bustamante, P G Jones, Hyeran Jung,A Junique,A Jusko,S Kalcher, Peter Kalinak,Alexander Philipp Kalweit, J Kamin, Jeong Han Kang,V Kaplin, S K Kar, A Karasu Uysal, Oleg Karavichev,T Karavicheva, Evgeny Karpechev,U Kebschull,R Keidel,M Keil, B Ketzer,M M Khan,P Khan, Sajjad A Khan,A Khanzadeev,Y Kharlov,Bjarte Kileng, Byungchul Kim,Dong Wook Kim,Jung Sun Kim,Mihwa Kim, Sungjoon Kim, Taeho Kim,S Kirsch,I Kisel,S Kiselev,A Kisiel,G Kiss,J Klay,J Klein,C Kleinbosing,A Kluge, Michael Linus Knichel,A G Knospe,Chinorat Kobdaj,Monika Kofarago, M K Kohler,T Kollegger,A Kolojvari,V Kondratiev, Natalia Kondratyeva, A Konevskikh,V Kovalenko, M L Kowalski,S Kox,G Koyithatta Meethaleveedu,J F Kral,I Kralik,Frederick Kramer,A Kravcakova, Michal Krelina,M Kretz,M Krivda, F Krizek,M Krus, E B Krymov, Evgeny Kryshen,M Krzewicki,Vit Kucera,Y Kucheriaev,Thanushan Kugathasan,C Kuhn,P G Kuijer, I V Kulakov,Jitendra Kumar,Podist Kurashvili,A B Kurepin, Alexey Kuryakin,S Kushpil,V Kushpil,M J Kweon,Y Kwon,P Ladron De Guevara, C Lagana Fernandes,Igor Lakomov, Rune Langoy,C Lara, Antoine Xavier Lardeux, Alessandra Lattuca,S L La Pointe,P La Rocca,Ramona Lea, Graham Richard Lee,I Legrand,J Lehnert, R C Lemmon,M Lenhardt,V Lenti, Emilia Leogrande, Marco Leoncino,I Leon Monzon, Y Lesenechal,Peter Levai, Shipeng Li,J Lien,R Lietava,Svein Lindal,V Lindenstruth,Christian Lippmann, M A Lisa,O M Listratenko, Hans Martin Ljunggren, Davide Francesco Lodato, F Loddo,P I Loenne,V R Loggins, Vitaly Loginov,D Lohner, C Loizides,X Lopez,E Lopez Torres,X G Lu,P Luettig,M Lunardon,Jia Luo,G Luparello,C Luzzi,A Gago, P Jacobs,R Ma,A Maevskaya,Magnus Mager,D P Mahapatra,Antonin Maire,Mikhail Malaev,I Maldonado Cervantes,L Malinina, Dmitry Malkevich,Natalia Maltsev, P Malzacher,Alexander Mamonov,L Manceau, V I Manko,F Manso,V Manzari, A Mapelli,Massimiliano Marchisone, Jiri Mares,G V Margagliotti, A Margotti,A Marin,C A Marin Tobon,C Markert, Marco Marquard, D Marras,I Martashvili, Nicole Alice Martin,P Martinengo, M Martinez,G Martinez Garcia, J Martin Blanco,Y Martynov,A Mas,S Masciocchi,M Masera, M A Maslov,Alberto Masoni,L Massacrier,A Mastroserio, S Mattiazzo,A Matyja,C Mayer, Joel Anthony Mazer,Raja Mazumder,G Mazza,M A Mazzoni,F Meddi,A Menchacarocha,J Mercado Perez, Michal Meres,Y Miake, Konstantin Mikhaylov,Leonardo Milano, Jovan Milosevic, A Mischke, Aditya Nath Mishra,D Miśkowiec,Ciprian Mihai Mitu,J Mlynarz,Bhaskar Chandra Mohanty,L Molnar, M Mongelli,L Montano Zetina,E Montes,M Morando,D A Moreira De Godoy,Francois M M Morel,S Moretto, A Morreale,Andreas Morsch, V Muccifora,Eugen Mudnic, F Muhammad Bhopal,Sanjib Muhuri,Munia Mukherjee,H W Muller, M G Munhoz,S Murray,L Musa, Jan Musinsky, B K Nandi, R Nania,E Nappi,C Nattrass, T K Nayak,S Nazarenko,A Nedosekin,Maria Nicassio,Mihai Niculescu, B S Nielsen,S Nikolaev,S Nikulin,V Nikulin,B S Nilsen,F Noferini,P Nomokonov,G Nooren,A S Nyanin, J Nystrand,H Oeschler,Seong Keun Oh,Ali Okatan, Laszlo Olah,Janusz Oleniacz,A C Oliveira Da Silva, Jacobus Onderwaater,C Oppedisano,A Ortiz Velasquez,A Oskarsson,J Otwinowski, K I Oyama,Yvonne Chiara Pachmayer,M Pachr, Paola Pagano,G Paic,F Painke,C Pajares,S K Pal,A Palmeri, S Panati, Deepak Pant, D Pantano,Vardanush Papikyan,G S Pappalardo,Wan Je Park,Annika Passfeld,C Pastore,D I Patalakha,V Paticchio, B C Paul,T Pawlak, T Peitzmann, H Pereira Da Costa,E Pereira De Oliveira Filho,D Peresunko, C E Perez Lara, W Peryt,A Pesci,Y Pestov, P Petagna,V Petracek, M Petran,M Petris,M Petrovici,Catia Petta, Ha Pham,S Piano,Miroslav Pikna,P Pillot,O Pinazza,L Pinsky, Danthasinghe Piyarathna, M Poskon,M Planinic,J Pluta,Sona Pochybova,P L M Podestalerma, Martin Poghosyan, Esko Heikki Oskari Pohjoisaho,B Polichtchouk,N Poljak, Adrian Pop, S Porteboeufhoussais,J Porter,V Pospisil,B V K S Potukuchi,Sanjay K Prasad,R Preghenella,F Prino, M Protsenko, C Pruneau,Igor Pshenichnov,G Puddu,C Puggioni, Valery Punin, J Putschke, Henrik Qvigstad,A Rachevski,Sibaji Raha,J Rak,A Rakotozafindrabe,L Ramello, R Raniwala,S Raniwala, Sami Sakari Rasanen, Bogdan Theodor Rascanu, J Rasson, Deepika Rathee, A W Rauf, Vahedeh Razazi,Kenneth Francis Read,J S Real,Kurt Redlich, Rosi Jan Reed, Atta Ur Rehman, P Reichelt, Martijn Reicher,Felix Reidt, R Renfordt,A R Reolon,A Reshetin,F Rettig, J P Revol,K Reygers,V Riabov,R A Ricci, T Richert,M Richter,P Riedler,W Riegler,F Riggi,A Rivetti, E Rocco,M Rodriguez Cahuantzi,A Rodriguez Manso,K Roed, Elena Rogochaya, S Rohni,D Rohr,D Rohrich,Rosa Romita,F Ronchetti, L Ronette, P Rosnet,S Rossegger, M Rossewij, Adam J Rossi, S Roudier, Jeanpierre Rousset, A B Roy, C Roy,P Roy,A J Rubio Montero,R Rui, R O Russo,Evgeny Ryabinkin, Y F Ryabov,A Rybicki,Maria Luisa Sacchetti, Sergey Sadovsky,K Safařik, Baldo Sahlmuller, Raghunath Sahoo,P K Sahu, Jitender Saini,C Salgado, Jai Samuel Nielsen Salzwedel,Sanjeev Singh Sambyal,V Samsonov,X Sanchez Castro,F J Sanchez Rodriguez,L Sandor,A Sandoval,M Sano, Gianluca Santagati,R Santoro,D Sarkar,E Scapparone,F Scarlassara, R P Scharenberg,Claudiu Cornel Schiaua,R Schicker, J D Schipper,C Schmidt,H R Schmidt,Simone Schuchmann,J Schukraft,Martin Schulc, T Schuster,Y Schutz,Kilian Eberhard Schwarz,K Schweda,G Scioli,E Scomparin,P A Scott, Rebecca Michelle Scott,G Segato,J Seger,I Selyuzhenkov, S Senyukhov,Juhee Seo,E Serradilla,Adrian Sevcenco,I Sgura,A Shabetai,G Shabratova,R Shahoyan, Artem Shangaraev,Nita Dilawar Sharma,S K Sharma, K Shigaki,K Shtejer,Y Sibiriak, S Siddhanta,T Siemiarczuk, D Silvermyr,C Silvestre,Goran Simatovic,R N Singaraju, R K Singh,Subhash Singha,Vijay Kumar Singhal,B C Sinha, T Sinha,B Sitar,M Sitta,T B Skaali,K Skjerdal,R Smakal, N Smirnov, R Snellings,W Snoeys,C Sogaard, R A Soltz, J Song,Mingzhou Song, V Sooden,F Soramel, S L Sorensen, Michal Spacek, Jozef Spalek, E Spiriti, Iwona Anna Sputowska,M Spyropouloustassinaki, B Srivastava,J Stachel,Ionel Stan,G Stefanek, M Steinpreis, E Stenlund,Gideon Francois Steyn, Johannes Hendrik Stiller,D Stocco,M Stolpovskiy,P Strmen,A A P Suaide,M A Subieta Vasquez, T Sugitate, C Suire, Mais Kazim Oglu Suleymanov,Miljenko Suljic, Rishat Sultanov, M Sumbera,X Sun,T Susa,T J M Symons,A Szanto De Toledo,I Szarka,Adam Szczepankiewicz, Maciej Pawel Szymanski,J Takahashi, Marcoantonio Tangaro,J D Tapia Takaki,A Tarantola Peloni,A Tarazona Martinez,A Tauro,G Tejeda Munoz,Adriana Telesca,Cristina Terrevoli, A Ter Minasyan,J Thader,David D Thomas,R Tieulent,A R Timmins,A Toia,H Torii,V Trubnikov,W H Trzaska, Takaharu Tsuji,Alexandr Tumkin, R Turchetta,R Turrisi,T S Tveter, I Tymchuk,J Ulery,K Ullaland,A Uras, G Usai, Michal Vajzer,Martin Vala,L Valencia Palomo, V Valentino, I Valin,Sara Vallero,P Vande Vyvre,L Vannucci, J Van Der Maarel,J W Van Hoorne,M Van Leeuwen,A Vargas,Rajiv K Varma,Maria Vasileiou,A N Vasiliev,P Vasta,Vladimir Vechernin,M Veldhoen, Arild Velure,Massimo Venaruzzo,E Vercellin, S Vergara Limon, B Verlaat,R Vernet,M Verweij,Linda Vickovic,G Viesti, Jussi Samuli Viinikainen, Z Vilakazi,O Villalobos Baillie, A Vinogradov,L Vinogradov, Y Vinogradov,T Virgili,Y P Viyogi,A S Vodopyanov, Martin Andreas Volkl,K Voloshin,S A Voloshin,Giacomo Volpe,B Von Haller,Ivan Vorobyev,D Vranic,J Vrlakova,B Vulpescu, Alexey Vyushin,Boris Wagner,John A Wagner,V Wagner, M Wang, Yulei Wang, Daniel H M Watanabe,M Weber,J P Wessels, U Westerho,J Wiechula,J Wikne, Martin Rudolf Wilde,G Wilk, John E Wilkinson, M C S Williams,B Windelband, Michael Andreas Winn,M Winter,Changzhou Xiang, Chris G Yaldo,Yoshihisa Yamaguchi,Hongyan Yang,Panchyr Yang, Shenghui Yang,Satoshi Yano,S Yasnopolskiy,J Yi,Z Yin, I K Yoo,I E Yushmanov, Valentina Zaccolo, Christopher Zach,Aungshuman Zaman,C Zampolli, Sergey Zaporozhets,Andrey Zarochentsev,P Zavada, N Zaviyalov,H Zbroszczyk, I S Zgura,M Zhalov, Fan Zhang, Hongsen Zhang, Xiaodong Zhang, Yixiong Zhang, C Zhao,V I Zherebchevsky, Demin Zhou, Fangfang Zhou,Yihui Zhou, H Zhu, Jun Zhu,X Zhu, A Zichichi, Alice Zimmermann, Markus Bernhard Zimmermann,G M Zinovjev,Y Zoccarato,M Zynovyev, M Zyzak
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS（2014）
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摘要
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is studying the physics of strongly interacting matter, and in particular the properties of the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), using proton–proton, proton–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions at the CERN LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The ALICE Collaboration is preparing a major upgrade of the experimental apparatus, planned for installation in the second long LHC shutdown in the years 2018–2019. A key element of the ALICE upgrade is the construction of a new, ultra-light, high-resolution Inner Tracking System (ITS) based on monolithic CMOS pixel detectors. The primary focus of the ITS upgrade is on improving the performance for detection of heavy-flavour hadrons, and of thermal photons and low-mass di-electrons emitted by the QGP. With respect to the current detector, the new Inner Tracking System will significantly enhance the determination of the distance of closest approach to the primary vertex, the tracking efficiency at low transverse momenta, and the read-out rate capabilities. This will be obtained by seven concentric detector layers based on a 50 μm thick CMOS pixel sensor with a pixel pitch of about 30×30 μm2. This document, submitted to the LHCC (LHC experiments Committee) in September 2013, presents the design goals, a summary of the R&D activities, with focus on the technical implementation of the main detector components, and the projected detector and physics performance.
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关键词
performance,efficiency,spatial resolution,natural sciences
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