Pentraxin-3 and soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (s-Tweak) in anti-neutrophil antibody associated vasculitis (AAV)

Keratins (K) constitute the epithelial intermediate filaments. Among them, K7/K19 are widely used markers of the regenerative liver response termed ductular reaction (DR) that consists of activated biliary epithelial cells (BECs) and hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) and correlates with liver disease severity. In the present study we aimed to characterize K23 in the liver.We analyzed the expression and localization of K23 in the digestive system under basal conditions as well as in various human and mouse liver diseases/stress models. Cell culture studies were used to study factors regulating K23 expression.In untreated mice, K23 was restricted to biliary epithelia. It was (together with K7/K19) markedly upregulated in three different DR/cholestatic injury models, i.e., multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mdr2) knockouts, animals treated with 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine or subjected to bile duct ligation. K23 levels correlated with the DR marker Fn14 and immunofluorescence staining showed a distinct co-localization with K7/K19. In chronic human liver disease, K23 expression increased in patients with a more prominent inflammation/fibrosis. A dramatic upregulation (>200 times) was observed in patients with acute liver failure (ALF) and end-stage primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis displayed increased K23 serum levels. In primary hepatocytes as well as hepatobiliary cell lines, treatment with TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and the type I acute phase inducer interleukin (IL)-1β but not the type II inducer IL-6 elevated K23 expression.K23 represents a specific, stress-inducible DR marker, whose levels correlate with liver disease severity. K23 may represent a useful non-invasive DR marker.Ductular reaction represents a basic response to liver injury and correlates with liver disease severity. Our study identifies K23 as a novel ductular reaction marker in mice and humans.