Influence of defects on the irreversible phase transition in Fe–Pd ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

In Fe–Pd ferromagnetic shape memory alloys a face-centered tetragonal (fct) martensite can be obtained when cooling the face-centered cubic austenite through the martensite transition. Nevertheless, further irreversible transformation on cooling into a body-centered tetragonal (bct) martensite needs to be prevented in order to retain the shape memory properties. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments demonstrate that high temperature thermal treatments stabilize the fct phase, reducing the fct–bct transformation temperature. A large misfit between the cell parameters of fct and bct phases was determined by neutron diffraction, pointing to the critical role of dislocations in the accommodation of both phases. The presence of dislocations and its dynamics was analyzed by mechanical spectroscopy, and a relaxation peak at ∼443K related to the dislocation movement was identified. The driving force of the relaxation process can be proposed as a dislocation dragging mechanism controlled by the migration of vacancies without break-away. Defects such as dislocations and vacancies have been shown to play an important role in changing the irreversible phase transformation temperature. A reduction in the dislocation density reduces the irreversible transformation temperature and so increases the stability range of the alloy.