Not All Alike: The Distinctive Impact of Voluntary and Involuntary Effort on Stress and Fatigue

Nowadays, little evidence exists on how variations in effort affect worker health, such as stress and fatigue, two important and undesirable outcomes for workers. Then, this paper analyses the impact of different dimensions of effort on stress and fatigue. To do so we use past literature to links the different effort dimensions on employee health. Concretely, the frameworks used in the paper are the one developed by Karasek and Theorell ( 1990 ), according to which the different combinations of work demands, competences in decision making and social support determine the stress employees suffer; and the effort-reward imbalance model (ERI Model) of Siegrist (Psychology 1:27–41, 1996 ). This provides a more sensitive model of stress, as it uses a combination of extrinsic effort and intrinsic effort as predictors of stress. Building on these theoretical models of job stress we argue that one main source of employee stress and fatigue is employee effort. Using a representative Spanish data set, our study reveals that different dimensions of effort have different consequences for workers. Whereas involuntary effort increases both stress and fatigue, voluntary effort entails a decrease in both.