Antibiotic Resistance, Part 1: Gram-positive Pathogens

Antibiotics have been instrumental in reducing mortality and morbidity associated with bacterial infections. However, antibiotic resistance has been increasing at an alarming rate due to overuse and inappropriate utilization. The emergence of resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci is of concern. The increasing incidence of resistance in these pathogens has led to increased morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Understanding mechanisms of resistance and current patterns of resistance found in gram-positive organisms is important when prescribing antimicrobials in patients. A collaborative effort to promote the appropriate prescribing of antimicrobial agents must be undertaken to preserve currently available antibiotics.