Knowing the Results of One's Own Actions Without Visual or Auditory Feedback When Walking, Throwing, and Singing

People's actions in everyday life often occur in situations where they can see and hear the results of their actions. In this article we summarize studies where people walked without seeing, threw a ball without seeing, and sang a tune without hearing. In each case, people reported perceptual awareness of the temporally unfolding results of their actions and judged with varying degrees of accuracy how far they walked relative to their remembered surroundings, the ball's trajectory landing relative to their remembered surroundings, and how accurately they stayed in tune when singing without hearing.