Depth Of Maximum Of Air-Shower Profiles At The Pierre Auger Observatory. I. Measurements At Energies Above 10(17.8) Ev

Alexander Aab, Diego Torres Machado,N Borodai,G P Guedes, J Neuser,Vladimir Novotny,R Lauer, M Ave,I M Brancus, D Kruppkehansen,Luis Del Peral,A Dorofeev,C Timmermans,Bruno Daniel,J Pallotta,P Sanchezlucas,Corinne Berat,Milton Leao,Sergio Navas, D Melo,S Querchfeld, M Kleifges,R Cester,Stephane Coutu,Sebastian Hartmann,Martin Urban,I M Pepe,M Risse,A C Fauth,Brian Vlcek, A Menshikov,F Salamida,N Kunka,F Montanet,B Kegl,Sjoert Van Velzen, R Dallier,Gualberto Avila,A Almela, M Giller,N Scharf, Angeles Lopez Aguera,Ahmed Saleh,D Ravignani,S Muller, Lukas Middendorf, J Kleinfeller,Tokonatsu Yamamoto,P Pieroni, P Lebrun,V Pirronello, R Piegaia,V Verzi, Alberto Gascon Bravo, R Bonino,Martin Will, T Hebbeker, B Wilczynska,Laura Collica,Brendan Fox,A Bueno,M S Sutherland,J C Dolivo,Rafael Alves Batista, D Wittkowski, Patrick Van Bodegom, A Filevich,Arnulfo Zepeda,Ivone F M Albuquerque,R Smida,Marianne Ludwig,A Insolia,S Petrera,D Garciapinto,I Sidelnik,Detlef Maurel,P G Isar,G Cocciolo, W Docters, C Morello,A Widom,H Dembinski,Manlio De Domenico,C Dobrigkeit, P Papenbreer,D Mandat,Jing Zhou, M Palatka,Yevgeniy Petrov,B Tome,P Billoir,Patricia Goncalves,F Arqueros,James Stapleton,L Miramonti,Patricia Hansen, Raphael Krause,Gianni Navarra,O Deligny, S Mathys,Lyberis Nožka, M Avenier,C Jarne,R Mussa, Ariel Bridgeman,A Castellina,David R Schmidt,Eunjoo Ahn,J Diaz, M Candusso,K B Barber, R Gaior,Anne Stutz,H Salazar, J Alvarezmuniz,Oscar Martinez Bravo,R Pelayo,Stefan Jansen,D Veberic,Roberta Colalillo,Johannes Schulz,K Daumiller, Iago Rodriguez Cabo,A P Ferguson,C Escobar,J Stasielak,C Bleve,J Pekala, F Gate,Rebecca Meissner,H Asorey, Dmytro Rogozin,A Herve,Jose Chinellato,Claudio Di Giulio,J R Vazquez, A Shadkam,Pedro Assis,H Schoorlemmer,N Fazzini,I Katkov, G Medinatanco,Sean Quinn,Dieter Heck,Guus Van Aar,Federico Suarez,Miroslav Hrabovský,J Vicha,M Aglietta,Petr Travnicek, Simon G Blaess, B Caccianiga,Johannes Schumacher,T Yapici,Lilian Martin,Guillermo Torralba Elipe,Ad M Van Den Berg,P Schiffer,Yue Zhu, C Porowski, V M Theodoro,M Ziolkowski,Toshihiro Fujii,K S Caballeromora,S Stanic,C E Santo,Marc Weber,R C Shellard,Peter Mazur, E Trovato,A Aminaei, P Buchholz, Mathew J Cooper,P L Ghia,Simone Riggi, Olga Kambeitz,Julio Lozano Bahilo, J Sorokin,O Sima,G Salina, A Haungs,Silvia Mollerach, Sandra Le Coz,V Scherini,M Giammarchi,L Caccianiga,N Hollon,P Gouffon, M Tartare,Ewa Holt, M Monasor, M Cilmo,German Ros,Ralf Ulrich, G R Snow,G Cataldi, Philipp Heimann,M Pimenta,M Munchmeyer,R W Clay,I C Maris, Jorge Ruben Rodriguez Rojo,C E Covault,M Niechciol,Alain Cordier, B Revenu, M Josebachuili,E Petermann, J Aublin,Michael A Unger,Alejandra Parra, H Schieler,B E Fick, Bernardo Vargas Cardenas,Manuela Mallamaci,Humberto Martinez, O Kromer,D Garciagamez,Miguel Mostafa,Jacob Gordon,Diane Martraire,D Boncioli, S Vorobiov,M Buscemi, M Erfani,Raul Sarmento,Esteban Roulet,Lu Lu,Rebeca Lopez,J A Bellido,Arjen Van Vliet,R Conceicao,Christopher R Williams,Paul Sommers,A Keivani,Mateus Fernandes,M T Dova,Fausto Guarino, A Curutiu,Sofia Andringa, K Louedec,E J Quel,K H Kampert,Glennys R Farrar,L Wiencke,J B R Matthews, B Keilhauer, U Frohlich,S Dasso,Ernesto Kemp,B Mitrica, Delphine Monnier Ragaigne,Alex Tapia,I Valino,A Letessierselvon,Alan Watson, Jimmy Masias Meza,M Muller,Mariano Gomez Berisso,H O Klages, P H Kasper,D Zavrtanik, Jennifer Maller,G Varner,Benjamin Fuchs, Jose F Valdes Galicia,Stefano Messina,Christine Peters,Phong H Nguyen,J Rautenberg, V M Aranda, Gabriel Toma, D Kuempel,Sijbrand J De Jong,P Brogueira,N Griffith, U Giaccari,V Rizi, M Videla,Vitor De Souza,O Scholten,Ricardo A Vazquez,Peter L Biermann,M Tueros,Miroslav Pech, M Platino,C Hojvat,Edivaldo Moura Santos,Beatriz Garcia,G Parente,H Falcke,Matthias Plum, T A Harrison,M Settimo,Francesca Zuccarello,S Buitink, L Valore,J Espadanal,V Purrello,H Blumer,Jaime Rosado,J J Beatty,M Zavrtanik,Noelia Pacheco,T Winchen,A Schulz,Danielle Lahurd,Daniel Huber,P W Gorham,Colin Baus, J Phuntsok, F Diogo, I Lhenryyvon,L Molinabueno,Y N Srivastava, Marcelo Zimbres Silva, M Prouza,Qader Dorosti Hasankiadeh, A Chiavassa,A F Grillo,Imen Al Samarai,Z Szadkowski, J Ridky,Laurentiu Caramete,Alan Coleman,Trent D Grubb,Jeffrey C Allen,P Privitera, I Zaw,Nicolas Gonzalez, A Porcelli,M Hampel,T Rossler, T Suomijarvi,Bruce R Dawson,A C Rovero,Luis A Anchordoqui,L Latronico,Guenter Sigl,T Pierog,G Marsella, A Etchegoyen, Nafiun Awal,N Palmieri,Javier Gonzalez, D Lebrun, A Nelles,J Castillo,T Huege,Agustin Lucero,G Hill,Jaime De Oliveira,Vincent Marin,L Nellen, O A Taborda, B Wundheiler,J D Swain,Daniel Pakk Selmidei, Carlos Medina,Octavian Fratu,Markus Lauscher,J M Figueira,S Maldera,C Aramo,Rossella Caruso,Piotr Homola, O Ravel,A M Badescu,G Matthiae,D Nosek, B Gookin,C A Moura, Steven J Saffi, I Jandt, F Contreras,James W Cronin, H Glass, S Grebe,F Sarazin, Lenka Tomankova,William C Brown, A Tonachini,Federico Sanchez,Hernan Wahlberg,Dave F Nitz,Raul Ribeiro Prado,Pavel 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Rodriguezfrias,P M Mantsch,M Erdmann,R Sato,M Oliveira,Max Malacari,P Allison,L Cazon,Guofeng Yuan,Miguel A Blanco,A Saftoiu,Markus Roth,J Bauml,P Lautridou, Primo F Gomez Vitale,A Daniel Supanitsky,Ivan De Mitri,W Carvalho,Tim Niggemann

PHYSICAL REVIEW D（2014）

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摘要

We report a study of the distributions of the depth of maximum, X-max, of extensive air-shower profiles with energies above 10(17.8) eV as observed with the fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The analysis method for selecting a data sample with minimal sampling bias is described in detail as well as the experimental cross-checks and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, we discuss the detector acceptance and the resolution of the X-max measurement and provide parametrizations thereof as a function of energy. The energy dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the X-max distributions are compared to air-shower simulations for different nuclear primaries and interpreted in terms of the mean and variance of the logarithmic mass distribution at the top of the atmosphere.

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resolution,nucleus,mass spectrum

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