Markers associated with persisting low-level viraemia under antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection.

To identify host and viral characteristics associated with long-term persisting low-level viraemia (PLLV) under antiretroviral therapy (ART). Seventy-one ART-treated patients with long-term PLLV (20250 copies/mL) and 102 control patients with systematically undetectable viral load (VL) were selected retrospectively from ART-treated patients followed at the Ghent HIV reference centre. Host and viral characteristics were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Higher plasma VL at therapy initiation (OR 3.52; 95 CI 1.866.65; P0.001), therapy re-initiation after an interruption (OR 3.94; 95 CI 1.709.16; P0.001), male gender (OR 4.28; 95 CI 1.4013.00; P0.011), a protease inhibitor-based regimen (OR 2.90; 95 CI 1.206.97; P0.017) and predicted CCR5 co-receptor tropism (OR 2.53; 95 CI 1.056.11; P0.039) were independently associated with PLLV. VL at ART initiation, therapy history, gender, ART regimen and co-receptor tropism were independently associated with PLLV. Gender, therapy history, co-receptor tropism and VL at ART initiation could be valuable predictive markers to identify patients at risk for PLLV.