Synchronous detection of miRNAs, their targets and downstream proteins in transferred FFPE sections: applications in clinical and basic research.

After discovering new miRNAs, it is often difficult to determine their targets and effects on downstream protein expression. In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are two commonly used methods for clinical diagnosis and basic research. We used an optimized technique that simultaneously detects miRNAs, their binding targets and corresponding proteins on transferred serial formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections from patients. Combined with bioinformatics, this method was used to validate the reciprocal expression of specific miRNAs and targets that were detected by ISH, as well as the expression of downstream proteins that were detected by IHC. A complete analysis was performed using a limited number of transferred serial FFPE sections that had been stored for 1–4years at room temperature. Some sections had even been previously stained with H&E. We identified a miRNA that regulates epithelial ovarian cancer, along with its candidate target and related downstream protein. These findings were directly validated using sub-cellular components obtained from the same patient sample. In addition, the expression of Nephrin (a podocyte marker) and Stmn1 (a recently identified marker related to glomerular development) were confirmed in transferred FFPE sections of mouse kidney. This procedure may be adapted for clinical diagnosis and basic research, providing a qualitative and efficient method to dissect the detailed spatial expression patterns of miRNA pathways in FFPE tissue, especially in cases where only a small biopsy sample can be obtained.