Incidence Of Tuberculosis Among Hiv-Infected Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy In Europe And North America

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Bricaire, C Katlama, S Herson,A Simon, Jm Decazes,Jm Molina, Jp Clauvel,L Gerard, Ghlf Widal,P Sellier, M Diemer,C Dupont, H Berthe, P Saiag, L Mortier,E Mortier, C Chandemerle,P De Truchis,M Bentata,P Honore,S Tassi, V Jeantils, D Mechali, B Taverne, H Laurichesse, F Gourdon, F Lucht, A Fresard, Jp Faller, P Eglinger, C Bazin, R Verdon,D Peyramond, A Boibieux,Jl Touraine,Jm Livrozet, C Trepo, L Cotte, I Ravaux, Jp Delmont,J Moreau, Ja Gastaut, J Soubeyrand, F Retornaz, Pa Blanc, T Allegre,A Galinier, Jm Ruiz, G Lepeu, P Granet-Brunello, L Pelissier, Jp Esterni, M Nezri, R Cohen-Valensi, A Laffeuillade, S Chadapaud, J Reynes,T May, C Rabaud, F Raffi, P Pugliese, C Michelet, C Arvieux,F Caron,F Borsa-Lebas, Jm Lang, P Fraisse, P Massip, L Cuzin, E Arlet-Suau, Mft Legrand, Y Yasdanpanah,M Sobesky, R Pradinaud, F Guyon, M Contant, M Montroni, G Scalise,Mc Braschi, Ar Aviano, U Tirelli, R Cinelli, G Pastore, N Ladisa, G Minafra, F Suter,C Arici, F Chiodo, V Colangeli, C Fiorini, O Coronado, G Carosi, Gp Cadeo, C Torti, C Minardi, D Bertelli, G Rizzardini, S Melzi, Pe Manconi, Pp Catanzaro, L Cosco, A Scerbo, J Vecchiet, M D'Alessandro, D Santoro, L Pusterla, G Carnevale, P Citterio, P Vigano, M Mena, F Ghinelli, L Sighinolfi, F Leoncini,F Mazzotta, M Pozzi,S Lo Caputo, G Angarano, B Grisorio, A Saracino, S Ferrara, P Grima, P Tundo, G Pagano, G Cassola, A Alessandrini, R Piscopo, M Toti, S Chigiotti, F Soscia, L Tacconi, A Orani, P Perini, A Scasso, A Vincenti, F Chiodera, P Castelli, A Scalzini, L Palvarini,M Moroni, A Lazzarin, A Cargnel, Gm Vigevani, L Caggese,Ad Monforte, D Repetto, A Galli, S Merli, C Pastecchia, Mc Moioli, R Esposito, C Mussini, N Abrescia, A Chirianni, Cm Izzo, M Piazza,M De Marco, R Viglietti, E Manzillo, S Nappa, A Colomba, V Abbadessa, T Prestileo, S Mancuso,C Ferrari, P Pizzaferri, G Filice, L Minoli,R Bruno, S Novati, F Baldelli, M Tinca, E Petrelli, A Cioppi, F Alberici, A Ruggieri, F Menichetti, C Martinelli,C De Stefano, A La Gala, G Ballardini, E Rizzo, G Magnani, Ma Ursitti, M Arlotti, P Ortolani, R Cauda, F Dianzani, G Ippolito,A Antinori, G Antonucci, S D'Elia, P Narciso, N Petrosillo, V Vullo,A De Luca, A Bacarelli, M Zaccarelli, R Acinapura,P De Longis, A Brandi, Mp Trotta, P Noto, M Lichtner, Mr Capobianchi, F Carletti,E Girardi,P Pezzotti,G Rezza,Ms Mura, M Mannazzu, P Caramello,G Di Perri, Ml Soranzo, Gc Orofino, I Arnaudo, M Bonasso, Pa Grossi, C Basilico, A Poggio, G Bottari, E Raise, F Ebo,F De Lalla, G Tositti, F Resta, K Loso, Ac Lepri,M Battegay,E Bernasconi, J Boni, H Bucher, P Burgisser, S Cattacin, M Cavassini, R Dubs,M Egger, L Elzi, P Erb, K Fantelli, M Fischer, M Flepp, A Fontana, P Francioli,H Furrer, M Gorgievski,B Hirschel, L Kaiser, C Kind, T Klimkait, U Lauper,B Ledergerber,M Opravil, F Paccaud, G Pantaleo, L Perrin,Jc Piffaretti, M Rickenbach, C Rudin,P Schmid, J Schupbach,R Speck,A Telenti, A Trkola, P Vernazza,R Weber,S Yerly,W Bronsveld, Me Hillebrand-Haverkort,Jm Prins, Jc Bos, Jkme Schattenkerk, Se Geerlings, Mh Godfried,Jma Lange,Fc Van Leth, Sh Lowe, Jtm Van Der Meer,Fjb Nellen, K Pogany,T Van Der Poll,P Reiss, Ta Ruys, S Sankatsing, R Steingrover, G Van Twillert,M Van Der Valk, Mga Van Vonderen, Sme Vrouenraets,M Van Vugt,Fwmn Wit, Tw Kuijpers, D Pajkrt,Hj Scherpbier, A Van Eeden, Jh Ten Veen, Ps Van Dam, Jc Roos, K Brinkman, Phj Frissen, Hm Weigel, Jw Mulder, Ecm Van Gorp, Pl Meenhorst,Ata Mairuhu, S Ziekenhuis, J Veenstra, Sa Danner, Ma Van Agtmael, Fap Claessen, Rm Perenboom, A Rijkeboer, M Van Vonderen,C Richter, J Van Der Berg, R Van Leusen,R Vriesendorp,Fjf Jeurissen, Rh Kauffmann, Elw Koger, B Bravenboer, Chh Ten Napel, Gj Kootstra,Hg Sprenger, Wmaj Miesen, R Doedens, Eh Scholvinck, Rw Ten Kate, Dpf Van Houte, M Polee, Fp Kroon, Van Den Broek, Jt Van Dissel, Ef Schippers, G Schreij, Sv De Geest, A Verbon, Pp Koopmans, M Keuter, F Post,Ajam Van Der Ven,Me Van Der Ende, Ic Gyssens, M Van Der Feltz, Jg Den Hollander, S De Marie, Jl Nouwen, Bja Rijnders, Tems De Vries, G Driessen, R De Groot, N Hartwig, Jr Juttmann, C Van De Heul, Mee Van Kasteren,Mme Schneider,Mjm Bonten,Jcc Borleffs, Pm Ellerbroek,Im Hoepelman, Cajj Jaspers, I Schouten,Cam Schurink, Spm Geelen, Tfw Wolfs,Wl Blok, Aa Tanis, Php Groeneveld, I Klinieken-Zwolle,Nkt Back, Meg Bakker, B Berkhout, S Jurriaans, T Cuijpers, Pjgm Rietra, Kj Roozendaal, W Pauw, Ap Van Zanten, Bme Von Blomberg, P Savelkoul, Cma Swanink, Pfh Franck, As Lampe, R Hendriks, J Schirm, D Veenendaal, H Storm, J Weel, H Van Zeijl,Acm Kroes, Hcj Claas, Camva Bruggeman, Vj Goossens, Jmd Galama,Wjg Melchers, Yag Poort, Gjj Doornum, Mg Niesters,Adme Osterhaus, M Schutten, Agm Buiting, Cam Swaans,Cab Boucher, E Boel, Af Jansz, M Losso,A Duran, N Vetter, I Karpov, A Vassilenko, N Clumeck,S De Wit, B Poll,R Colebunders, L Machala, H Rozsypal,D Sedlacek,J Nielsen,J Lundgren, T Benfield,O Kirk, J Gerstoft, T Katzenstein,Abe Hansen, P Skinhoj,C Pedersen, K Zilmer, C Katlama,Pm Girard,Jp Viard, T Saint-Marc,P Vanhems, C Pradier, M Dietrich, C Manegold,J Van Lunzen,Hj Stellbrink,S Staszewski, M Bickel,Fd Goebel,G Fatkenheuer, J Rockstroh,R Schmidt, J Kosmidis, P Gargalianos, H Sambatakou, J Perdios,G Panos, A Filandras, E Karabatsaki,D Banhegyi, F Mulcahy, I Yust, D Turner,M Burke,S Pollack, G Hassoun, Z Sthoeger, S Maayan, A Chiesi, R Esposito, R Borghi,C Arici, R Pristera,F Mazzotta, A Gabbuti, M Lichtner, A Chirianni,E Montesarchio, F Iacomi, A Lazzarin, R Finazzi, L Viksna, S Chaplinskas,R Hemmer, T Staub,P Reiss, J Bruun, A Maeland, V Ormaasen, B Knysz, J Gasiorowski, A Horban,D Prokopowicz,A Wiercinska-Drapalo,A Boron-Kaczmarska, M Pynka, M Beniowski, E Mularska, H Trocha,F Antunes, E Valadas, K Mansinho, F Matez, D Duiculescu, V Babes,A Streinu-Cercel,E Vinogradova, A Rakhmanova, D Jevtovic, M Mokras, D Stanekova, J Gonzalez-Lahoz, M Sanchez-Conde, T Garcia-Benayas,L Martin-Carbonero,V Soriano, B Clotet, A Jou,J Conejero, C Tural,Jm Gatell,Jm Miro, A Blaxhult,A Karlsson, P Pehrson,B Ledergerber,R Weber, P Francioli,A Telenti,B Hirschel, V Soravia-Dunand,H Furrer, E Kravchenko,N Chentsova, S Barton,Am Johnson, D Mercey,A Phillips,Ma Johnson, A Mocroft,M Murphy,J Weber, G Scullard, M Fisher, R Brettle, C Loveday, B Clotet,F Antunes, A Blaxhult, N Clumeck,J Gatell, A Horban,A Johnson, C Katlama,B Ledergerber, C Loveday,A Phillips,P Reiss, S Vella, I Gjorup,O Kirk, N Friis-Moeller, A Mocroft, A Cozzi-Lepri, W Bannister, D Mollerup, D Podlevkareva, Ch Olsen,J Kjaer, S Raffanti, D Dieterch,A Justice, S Becker, A Scarsella,G Fusco, B Most, R Balu, R Rana, R Beckerman, T Ising, J Fusco, R Irek, B Johnson, A Hirani, E Dejesus, G Pierone, P Lackey, C Irek,A Johnson, J Burdick,S Leon, J Arch,S Staszewski,Eb Helm, A Carlebach, A Muller, A Haberl, G Nisius, T Lennemann,C Rottmann, A Muller, A Haberl, G Nisius, T Lennemann,C Rottmann, T Wolf,C Stephan, M Bickel, M Mosch, P Gute, L Locher,T Lutz, S Klauke, G Knecht,Hw Doerr, M Sturmer, B Dauer, N Von Hentig, B Jennings, J Beylot,G Chene,F Dabis, M Dupon, M Longy-Boursier,Jl Pellegrin,Jm Ragnaud, R Salamon,F Dabis,G Chene,R Thiebaut, C Lewden, S Lawson-Ayayi, M Dupon, P Mercie,Jf Moreau, P Moriat,Jl Pellegrin,Jm Ragnaud, N Bernard, D Lacoste, D Malvy, D Neau, Mj Blaizeau, M Decoin, S Delveaux, C Hannapier, S Labarrere, V Lavignolle-Aurillac, B Uwamaliya-Nziyumvira, G Palmer, D Touchard, E Balestre, A Alioum, H Jacqmin-Gadda,R Thiebaut, J Beylot, P Morlat, N Bernard,M Bonarek,F Bonnet, B Coadou, P Gellie, D Lacoste, C Nouts, M Dupon, F Bocquentin, H Dutronc, S Lafarie, M Longy-Boursier, P Mercie, A Aslan, D Malvy, T Pistonne,P Thibaut, R Vatan,Jm Ragnaud, D Chambon,C De La Taille, C Cazorla, D Neau, A Ocho,Jl Pellegrin, L Castera, H Fleury,Me Lafon, B Masquelier, I Pellegrin, D Breilh,Jf Moreau, P Blanco, P Loste, L Caunegre, F Bonnal, S Farbos, M Ferrand, J Ceccaldi, S Tchamgoue,S De Witte, E Buy, C Alexander, R Barrios, P Braitstein, Z Brumme, K Chan, H Cote, N Gataric, J Geller, S Guillemi, 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Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America（2005）

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Background. We obtained estimates of the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among patients receiving HAART and identified determinants of the incidence.Methods. We analyzed the incidence of TB during the first 3 years after initiation of HAART among 17,142 treatment-naive, AIDS- free persons starting HAART who were enrolled in 12 cohorts from Europe and North America. We used univariable and multivariable Poisson regression models to identify factors associated with the incidence.Results. During the first 3 years (36,906 person-years), 173 patients developed TB (incidence, 4.69 cases per 1000 person-years). In multivariable analysis, the incidence rate was lower for men who have sex with men, compared with injection drug users (relative rate, 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-4.01), heterosexuals (relative rate, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.64-3.59), those with other suspected modes of transmission (relative rate, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.91-3.06), and those with a higher CD4(+) count at the time of HAART initiation (relative rate per log(2) cells/mL, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.91). During 28,846 person-years of follow-up after the first 6 months of HAART, 88 patients developed TB (incidence, 3.1 cases per 1000 person-years of follow-up). In multivariable analyses, a low baseline CD4(+) count (relative rate per log(2) cells/mL, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96), 6-month CD4(+) count (relative rate per log(2) cells/mL, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-0.99), and a 6-month HIV RNA level 1400 copies/mL (relative rate, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.33-3.67) were significantly associated with the risk of acquiring TB after 6 months of HAART.Conclusion. The level of immunodeficiency at which HAART is initiated and the response to HAART are important determinants of the risk of TB. However, this risk remains appreciable even among those with a good response to HAART, suggesting that other interventions may be needed to control the TB epidemic in the HIV-infected population.

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