Prevention of chronic kidney and vascular disease: Toward global health equity-The Bellagio 2004 Declaration

Prevention of chronic kidney and vascular disease: Toward global health equity—The Bellagio 2004 Declaration Chronic kidney disease (CKD) not only reflects target organ injury in systemic vascular disease in the general population and in association with diabetes, hypertension, and smoking, but it is recognized as one of the major risk factors in the pathogenesis and outcome of cardiovascular disease. Recent surveys have revealed that the prevalence of CKD, particularly the hidden mild form (mildly elevated levels of serum creatinine or urinary albumin excretion), is surprisingly high in the general population.