: co-locating metadata and data to enable fast virtual block devices.

Virtual block devices are widely used to provide block interface to virtual machines (VMs). A virtual block device manages an indirection mapping from the virtual address space presented to a VM, to a storage image hosted on file system or storage volume. This indirection is recorded as metadata on the image, also known as a lookup table, which needs to be immediately updated upon each space allocation on the image for data safety (also known as image growth). This growth is common as VM templates for large-scale deployments and snapshots for fast migration of VMs are heavily used. Though each table update involves only a few bytes of data, it demands a random write of an entire block. Furthermore, data consistency demands correct order of metadata and data writes be enforced, usually by inserting the FLUSH command between them. These metadata operations compromise virtual device's efficiency. In this paper we introduce Selfie, a virtual disk format, that eliminates frequent metadata writes by embedding metadata into data blocks and makes write of a data block and its associated metadata be completed in one atomic block operation. This is made possible by opportunistically compressing data in a block to make room for the metadata. Experiments show that Selfie gains as much as 5× performance improvements over existing mainstream virtual disks. It delivers near-raw performance with an impressive scalability for concurrent I/O workloads.