Advanced application-motivated design techniques for high performance piezocomposite underwater sonar transducers and arrays

Developments in areas as diverse as advanced piezoelectric materials and low cost digital electronics continue to offer new possibilities to the designer of high performance underwater sonar transducers and arrays. Many of these are likely to be realised with complex composite materials comprising a polymer matrix with rods of piezoelectric ceramic such as PZT 5H or crystal such as PMN‐PT which require advanced design techniques. This paper first briefly reviews relevant capabilities of conventional equivalent circuit and wave equation transducer models, and the composite homogenisation technique of Smith and Auld. The increasing possibilities offered by finite element analysis (FEA) running on relatively low‐cost computing hardware are also considered. Whichever design technique is adopted, accurate material properties are crucial and this is reported through reference to a range of piezoelectric and passive materials. The potential variation of such properties across the operating temperature range of u...