Bidirectional Modulation of Adipogenesis by the Secreted Protein Ccdc80/DRO1/URB

Adipocyte-secreted proteins play important roles in metabolic regulation through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. Using transcriptional profiling, we identified coiled-coil domain containing 80 (Ccdc80; also known as DRO1 and URB) as a novel secreted protein highly expressed in white adipose tissue. In 3T3-L1 cells Ccdc80 is expressed and secreted in a biphasic manner with high levels in postconfluent preadipocytes and terminally differentiated adipocytes. To determine whether Ccdc80 regulates adipocyte differentiation, Ccdc80 expression was manipulated using both knockdown and overexpression approaches. Small hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of Ccdc80 in 3T3-L1 cells inhibits adipocyte differentiation. This phenotype was partially reversed by treating the knockdown cells with Ccdc80-containing conditioned medium from differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Molecular studies indicate that Ccdc80 is required for the full inhibition of T-cell factor-mediated transcriptional activity, down-regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes during clonal expansion, and the subsequent induction of C/EBPalpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Surprisingly, overexpression of Ccdc80 in 3T3-L1 cells also inhibits adipocyte differentiation without affecting the repression of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that Ccdc80 plays dual roles in adipogenesis by mechanisms that involve at least in part down-regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and induction of C/EBPalpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.