The IceCube prototype string in Amanda

A Achterberg,M Ackermann,J Adams,J Ahrens,K Andeen,J Auffenberg,John N Bahcall,X Bai,B Baret,S W Barwick,R Bay,K Beattie,T Becka,J K Becker,K H Becker,P Berghaus, D Berley,E Bernardini,D Bertrand,D Besson,E Blaufuss,D J Boersma,Christian Bohm,J Bolmont,S Boser,O Botner,Adam Bouchta,J Braun,C Burgess,T Burgess,T Castermans,D Chirkin,B Christy,J Clem,D F Cowen,M V Dagostino,Anna Davour,C T Day,C De Clercq,L Demirors,F Descamps,P Desiati,T Deyoung,J C Diazvelez,J Dreyer,J P Dumm,M R Duvoort,W R Edwards,R Ehrlich,J Eisch,R W Ellsworth,P A Evenson,O Fadiran,A R Fazely, K Filimonov,Mark Foerster,B D Fox,A Franckowiak,T K Gaisser,J S Gallagher,R Ganugapati,Heiko Geenen,L Gerhardt,A Goldschmidt, J A Goodman,R Gozzini, T Griesel,S Grullon,Alexandra Nammi Gross,R M Gunasingha,M Gurtner,A Hallgren,F Halzen, K Han,K Hanson,D Hardtke,R Hardtke,J E Hart,Y Hasegawa,T Hauschildt,D Hays,J Heise,K Helbing,M Hellwig,P Herquet,G Hill,James S Hodges,K D Hoffman,B Hommez,K Hoshina,D Hubert,B Hughey,P O Hulth,K Hultqvist, J P Hulss,S Hundertmark,M Inaba,A Ishihara,J Jacobsen,G S Japaridze,Henrik Johansson,Alan D Jones,J Joseph,K H Kampert,T Karg,A Karle,H Kawai,J L Kelley,N Kitamura,S R Klein,S Klepser,G Kohnen,H Kolanoski,L Kopke,M L Kowalski,T Kowarik,M Krasberg,K Kuehn,M Labare,H Landsman,H Leich,D Leier,I Liubarsky,Jon O Lundberg,Jan D Lunemann,Jan Madsen,K Mase,H S Matis,T Mccauley,C P Mcparland, A Meli,T Messarius,Peter Meszaros,Hiroshi Miyamoto,A Mokhtarani, T Montaruli,Adrienne L Morey,R Morse,S M Movit,K Munich,R Nahnhauer,J W Nam,P Niessen,D R Nygren,Hakki B Ogelman,A Olivas,S Patton,C Penagaray,C P De Los Heros, A Piegsa, D Pieloth,A C Pohl,R Porrata, J Pretz,P B Price,G T Przybylski,K Rawlins,Soebur Razzaque,E Resconi,W Rhode,M Ribordy,A Rizzo,Stephen M Robbins,Peter M Roth,C Rott,D Rutledge, D Ryckbosch,H G Sander, Suman De Sarkar,S Schlenstedt,T Schmidt,Donald P Schneider,D Seckel, B Semburg,S H Seo,S Seunarine,A Silvestri,A J Smith,M Solarz,Canli Song,J E Sopher,G M Spiczak,C Spiering,M Stamatikos,T Stanev,P Steffen, T Stezelberger,R G Stokstad, M C Stoufer, S Stoyanov, E A Strahler, T Straszheim,K H Sulanke,G W Sullivan,T J Sumner,I Taboada,Oksana A Tarasova, A Tepe,L Thollander,S Tilav, M Tluczykont,P A Toale,D Turcan,N Van Eijndhoven, J Vandenbroucke,A Van Overloop, V Viscomi, B Voigt,W Wagner,C Walck,Helmut Waldmann,M Walter,Y R Wang,C Wendt,C H Wiebusch,G Wikstrom, D R Williams,R Wischnewski,H Wissing,K Woschnagg,X W Xu,G B Yodh,S Yoshida,J D Zornoza

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment（2006）

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摘要

The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (Amanda) is a high-energy neutrino telescope. It is a lattice of optical modules (OM) installed in the clear ice below the South Pole Station. Each OM contains a photomultiplier tube (PMT) that detects photons of Cherenkov light generated in the ice by muons and electrons. IceCube is a cubic-kilometer-sized expansion of Amanda currently being built at the South Pole. In IceCube the PMT signals are digitized already in the optical modules and transmitted to the surface. A prototype string of 41 OMs equipped with this new all-digital technology was deployed in the Amanda array in the year 2000. In this paper we describe the technology and demonstrate that this string serves as a proof of concept for the IceCube array. Our investigations show that the OM timing accuracy is 5ns. Atmospheric muons are detected in excellent agreement with expectations with respect to both angular distribution and absolute rate.

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07.05.Hd,07.07.Hj,07.50.Qx,29.40.Ka,95.55.Vj,95.85.Ry,96.40.Tv

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