Wettability of urea-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles and their high electrorheological effects

Aimed at the increasement of ER effects, a novel composite, urea doped-TiO 2 particles (TU) were prepared by using a modified sol–gel method. The structure and morphology of the TU particles were observed and analyzed by scanning electron micrpscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). The dielectric properties of the TU particles and the ER effects based on the TU particles were investigated. The influence of wettability on the ER performance between the particles and silicone oil was examined.