Internet Expansion, Refinement And Churn

We analyze the evolution of the global Internet interdomain routing system on AS, prefix and IP address level granularities, using snapshots of Route Views BGP tables from 1997 to 2001. We introduce the notion of sendglobally routedprefixes, those present in the majority of backbone tables, and classify them into standalone - those which have no subsets, no supersets; root - have subsets, but no supersets; and subset, or more specific, which are subsets of other blocks. Using these distinctions we find that from 1999 to 2001 many measures of routing system complexity demonstrated stability in the form of slow growth, dynamic equilibrium, and occasional contraction. We find that many net change measures reflect contributions of opposite sign, and that true measure of variation, or chum, is the sum of their absolute magnitudes rather than the difference. Appearance and disappearance of prefixes, ASes and Route Views peers, as well as status changes (an AS changing from transit to non-transit, or a prefix shifting from a standalone prefix to a root prefix) are instances of routing system churn. One advantage of using our notion of semiglobal prefixes is that they exhibit less churn than global prefixes (those prefixes common to all backbone tables) and as such allow for derivation of more robust macroscopic statistics about the routing system. We study route prefix instability at a medium time granularity for late 2001 using 2-hour snapshots of BGP tables, and End that half of all prefix reannouncements (flips) are contributed by 1% of all ASes, with government networks, telecoms in developing countries and major backbone ISPs at the top of the list of instability contributors. Small ASes (those who originate only a few prefixes into the global routing system) do not contribute more than their fair share of either route entries or churn to the global routing system. We conclude that during 1999-2001 many Internet metrics were stable, and that the routing system's growth and instability are mostly caused by large and medium-sized ISPs.