Measurement of acoustic attenuation in South Pole ice

R Abbasi,Y Abdou, T Abuzayyad, J Adams,J A Aguilar,M Ahlers,K Andeen, J Auffenberg,X Bai,M D Baker,S W Barwick,R Bay,J L Bazo Alba,Kenneth A Beattie,J J Beatty,S Bechet,J K Becker,K H Becker,M L Benabderrahmane,J Berdermann,P Berghaus,D Berley,E Bernardini,D Bertrand,D Besson,M Bissok,E Blaufuss,D J Boersma,Christian Bohm, S Boeser,O Botner,L Bradley,J Braun,S Buitink,M Carson,D Chirkin,B Christy,J Clem,F Clevermann,Seth M Cohen,C Colnard,D F Cowen,M V D Agostino,Matthias Danninger,C De Clercq,L Demiroers,O Depaepe,F Descamps,P Desiati,G De Vriesuiterweerd,T Deyoung,J C Diazvelez,J Dreyer,J P Dumm,M R Duvoort,R Ehrlich,J Eisch,R W Ellsworth,O Engdegard,S Euler,P A Evenson,O Fadiran,A R Fazely,T Feusels,K Filimonov,C Finley,Mark Foerster,B D Fox,A Franckowiak,R Franke, T K Gaisser,J S Gallagher,R Ganugapati,M Geisler,L Gerhardt,L Gladstone,T Gluesenkamp,A Goldschmidt,J A Goodman,David M Grant,T Griesel,Amy C Gross,S Grullon,R M Gunasingha,M Gurtner,L L Gustafsson,C Ha, A Hallgren,F Halzen, K Han,K Hanson,K Helbing,P Herquet,S Hickford,G Hill,K D Hoffman,A Homeier,K Hoshina,D Hubert,W Huelsnitz,J P Huelss,P O Hulth, K Hultqvist,Shobbir Hussain,R Imlay,A Ishihara,J Jacobsen,G S Japaridze,Henrik Johansson,J Joseph,K H Kampert,A Kappes,T Karg,A Karle,J L Kelley,N Kemming,Peter T M Kenny,J Kiryluk,F Kislat,S R Klein, S Knops,J H Koehne,G Kohnen,H Kolanoski,L Koepke,D J Koskinen,M P Kowalski,T Kowarik,M Krasberg,T Krings,G Kroll,K Kuehn,T Kuwabara,M Labare,S Lafebre,K Laihem,H Landsman,R Lauer,Rainer P Lehmann,D Lennarz,J Luenemann,Jorgen Ogaard Madsen,P Majumdar,R Maruyama,K Mase,H S Matis,M Matusik,K Meagher,M Merck,P Meszaros,T Meures,E Middell,N Milke,T Montaruli,R Morse, S M Movit,R Nahnhauer,J W Nam,U Naumann,P Niessen,D R Nygren,S Odrowski,A Olivas,Malini Olivo,M Ono,S Panknin,Lynn K Paul,De Los Heros,C Perez,J J Petrovic,A Piegsa,D Pieloth,R Porrata,J Posselt,P B Price,M Prikockis,G T Przybylski,K Rawlins,P Redl,E Resconi,W Rhode,M Ribordy,Albert Rizzo,J P Rodrigues,P Roth,F Rothmaier,C Rott,C Roucelle,T Ruhe,D Rutledge,B Ruzybayev,D Ryckbosch,H G Sander,S K Sarkar,K Schatto,S Schlenstedt,T Schmidt,Donald P Schneider,A Schukraft,A Schultes,O Schulz,M Schunck,D Seckel,B Semburg,S H Seo, Y Sestayo,S Seunarine,A Silvestri,A Slipakaj,G M Spiczak,C Spiering,M Stamatikos,T Stanev,G Stephens,T Stezelberger,R G Stokstad,Stanislav R Stoyanov,E A Strahler,T Straszheim,G W Sullivan,Q Swillens,I Taboada,A Tamburro,O S Tarasova,A Tepe,S Terantonyan,S Tilav,P A Toale,D Tosi,D Turcan,N Van Eijndhoven,J Vandenbroucke,A Van Overloop,J Van Santen,B Voigt,C Walck,T Waldenmaier,M Wallraff,Maggie C Walter,C Wendt,S Westerhoff,N Whitehorn,K Wiebe,C H Wiebusch,G Wikstrom, D R Williams,R Wischnewski,H Wissing,K Woschnagg,Chris Xu,X W Xu,J P Yanez,G B Yodh,S Yoshida,P Zarzhitsky

Astroparticle Physics（2011）

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摘要

Using the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS) and a retrievable transmitter deployed in holes drilled for the IceCube experiment, we have measured the attenuation of acoustic signals by South Pole ice at depths between 190m and 500m. Three data sets, using different acoustic sources, have been analyzed and give consistent results. The method with the smallest systematic uncertainties yields an amplitude attenuation coefficient α=3.20±0.57km−1 between 10 and 30kHz, considerably larger than previous theoretical estimates. Expressed as an attenuation length, the analyses give a consistent result for λ≡1/α of ∼300m with 20% uncertainty. No significant depth or frequency dependence has been found.

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关键词

Neutrino astronomy,Acoustics,South Pole,Acoustic attenuation,Ice

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