X-ray standing waves and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at the insertion device beamline ID32

Investigations on the geometrical structure, chemical composition and electronic properties of surfaces and interfaces are performed on beamline ID32 at the ESRF. It is a high resolution beamline covering the photon energy range 1.4–30keV optimized for X-ray standing wave, surface X-ray diffraction, and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. Fresnel zone plates and compound refractive lens systems are used to focus the monochromatic beam. After outlining the principles of X-ray standing wave measurements the unique features of the ID32 beamline are described. Future developments are discussed and finally some selected examples illustrating the advantages of combining the X-ray standing wave technique with hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are presented.