Programming language techniques for modular router congurations

This paper applies programming language techniques to a high-level system description, both to optimize the system and to prove useful properties about it. The system in question is Click, a modular software router framework (13). Click routers are built from components called elements. Elements are written in C++, but the user creates a conguration using a simple, declarative data ow language. This language is amenable to data ow analysis and other con- ventional programming language techniques. Applied to a router conguration, these techniques have high-level results|for example, optimizing the router or verifying its high-level properties. This paper describes several programming lan- guage techniques that have been useful in practice, including optimization tools that remove virtual function calls from router denitions and remove redundant parts of adjacent routers. We also present performance results for an extensively optimized standards-compliant IP router. On conventional PC hardware, this router can forward up to 456,000 64-byte packets per second.