Inaccessible entropy

We put forth a new computational notion of entropy, which measures the (in)feasibility of sampling high entropy strings that are consistent with a given protocol. Speciflcally, we say that the ith round of a protocol (A;B) has accessible entropy at most k, if no polynomial-time strategy A ⁄ can generate messages for A such that the entropy of its message in the ith round has entropy greater than k when conditioned both on prior messages of the protocol and on prior coin tosses of A ⁄ . We say that the protocol has inaccessible entropy if the total accessible entropy (summed over the rounds) is noticeably smaller than the real entropy of A's messages, conditioned only on prior messages (but not the coin tosses of A). As applications of this notion, we † Give a much simpler and more e-cient construction of statistically hiding commitment schemes from arbitrary one-way functions. † Prove that constant-round statistically hiding commitments are necessary for constructing constant-round zero-knowledge proof systems for NP that remain secure under parallel composition (assuming the existence of one-way functions).