Research efforts under my direction have been in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). First, in a study of unilateral versus bilateral ECT in elderly unilateral ECT non-responders, we have shown that switching to bilateral ECT is associated with a more substantial and enduring response. We have also shown that switching to bilateral ECT is, however, associated with an increase in memory impairment compared to continuing unilateral ECT. Other ECT work has focussed on the effects of various types of stimulus dosing paradigms on therapeutic response, memory impairment, and EEG abnormality. We have also demonstrated an ability to separate EEG seizures produced by various kinds of ECT treatment parameters. This work has led to multiple research efforts to more fully develop electroencephalographic models of treatment adequate with ECT.