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Oxidative stress is produced in cells by oxygen-derived species resulting from cellular metabolism and from interaction with cells of exogenous sources such as carcinogenic compounds, redox-cycling drugs and ionizing radiations. DNA damage caused by oxygen-derived species including free radicals is the most frequent type encountered by aerobic cells. When this type of damage occurs to DNA, it is called oxidative DNA damage and it can produce a multiplicity of modifications in DNA including base and sugar lesions, strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links and base-free sites. Accurate measurement of these modifications is essential for understanding of mechanisms of oxidative DNA damage and its biological effects. Numerous DNA lesions have been identified in cells and tissues at steady-state levels and upon exposure to free radical-generating systems. Data accumulated over many years clearly show that oxidative DNA damage plays an important role in a number of disease processes. Thus, oxidative DNA damage is implicated in carcinogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. There is also strong evidence for the role of this type of DNA damage in the aging process. The accumulation of oxidative DNA damage in non-dividing cells is thought to contribute to age-associated diseases. DNA damage is countered in cells by DNA repair, which is a basic and universal process to protect the genetic integrity of organisms. The genomes of organisms encode DNA repair enzymes that continuously monitor chromosomes to correct DNA damage. Multiple processes such as base- and nucleotide-excision pathways exist to repair the wide range of DNA damages. If left unrepaired, oxidative DNA damage can lead to detrimental biological consequences in organisms, including cell death, mutations and transformation of cells to malignant cells.
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Yong Woong Jun,Melis Kant,Erdem Coskun,Takamitsu A Kato,Pawel Jaruga, Elizabeth Palafox,Miral Dizdaroglu,Eric T Kool
ACS central scienceno. 6 (2023): 1170-1179
DNA DAMAGE, DNA REPAIR AND DISEASE (2021): V-VI
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