Prof Ho has an established track record in lung cancer research, and the areas of focus over the years include the role of antioxidants, epidemiology, diagnostics, and management. The emphasis of recent projects is on translational research into novel lung cancer therapeutic options and clinical trials. Based on the earlier findings on altered antioxidant expression in lung cancer tissues (Ho JC et al. Cancer Research 2001;61:8578-8585), a subsequent clinical study was conducted demonstrating the independent alterations of systemic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels among lung cancer subjects (Ho JC et al. Eur Respir J 2007;29:273-278). This may further enhance the understanding of the role of antioxidants in lung carcinogenesis. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) of lung has been an uncommon type of Epstein-Barr virus-related lung cancer with special interest among the Asians. Apart from being one of the pioneers in first-line systemic chemotherapy treatment for advanced LELC of lung (Ho JC et al. Respir Med 2000;94(10):943-947), Prof Ho and his team have reported a novel clinical application of oral capecitabine as a salvage chemotherapy treatment of this uncommon type of lung cancer (Ho JC et al. J Thorac Oncol 2009;4(9):1174-1177). His clinical experience in LELC of lung has been summarized in one of the few reviews on the area (Ho JC et al. Respirology 2006;11:539-545). In recent years, targeted therapy (e.g. against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)) has emerged as a promising approach in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, though acquired resistance is almost inevitable. A pre-clinical study on the combination of autophagy inhibitor with erlotinib (targeted therapy against EGFR) may shed light on further improving the outcome of this treatment approach (Li YY, Lam SK, Mak JC, Zheng CY, Ho JC. Lung Cancer 2013;81(3):354-61). Another pre-clinical model has demonstrated a synergistic combination of arsenic trioxide (available in HKU as an oral treatment for acute promyelocytic leukaemia) and cisplatin in small cell lung cancer (Zheng CY, Lam SK, Li YY, Fong BM, Mak JC, Ho JC. Lung Cancer 2013;82(2):222-30), which may hold promise in improving the existing treatment. Recent research focus also includes pre-clinical exploration of pegylated arginase treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (Lam SK, U KP, Li YY, Xu S, Cheng PN, Ho JC. Oncology Reports 2018;40(4):1994-2004), small cell lung cancer (Xu S, Lam SK, Cheng PN, Ho JC. Cancer Sci 2018 Aug 28. doi: 10.1111/cas.13782) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (Lam SK, Yan S, Xu S, Ho JC. Targeting polyamine as a novel therapy in xenograft models of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer 2020;148:138-148).