He developed an early successful application of liposomes as drug carriers for treatment of leishmaniasis. He is the co-inventor of the technique of needle-free transcutaneous immunization, a technology that is being commercially developed for vaccination by skin patch. He has been an author or coauthor on 325 scientific publications (more than 260 peer-reviewed papers) in the fields of adjuvants, antigens, antibodies, complement, lipid biochemistry and immunology, and liposomes as drug carriers and carriers of vaccines, and he sits on numerous editorial boards. He has created adjuvants for many types of experimental vaccines, including vaccines to malaria, HIV, meningococcal infection, heroin addiction, biological threat agents, and prostate and intestinal cancer. He holds 33 U.S. patents, the latest of which is Army Liposome Formulation with QS21 (ALFQ). His current research interests are focused on vaccines to HIV-1 infection, malaria, and addiction to drugs of abuse.