I have been involved in human nutrition, metabolism, and physiology studies for more than 20 years. In particular, I have been involved in metabolic and outcome studies in aging populations for more than 16 yrs. These studies have addressed metabolic responses to both nutritional and pharmacological interventions. In addition, many studies have investigated these modalities on strength and functional outcome measures. Inherent in these studies was the development of expertise in the techniques to include calculations, validation and interpretation.